Tver / Тверь

I live in Tver. It is a city on the Volga River, 177 km northwest of Moscow. The population of Tver is about 425 thousand people.

Tver was founded in 1135. This is a city with a rich history. There are many beautiful historical buildings and monuments.

One of the main attractions is the Travel Palace of Catherine II. She stayed in Tver on the way from St. Petersburg to Moscow, so did many other famous people.

My favorite place in the city is Trekhsvyatskaya Street. This is a well-maintained pedestrian street in the city center. There are many cozy cafes there. Sometimes street musicians perform.

There are research institutes and industrial enterprises in Tver. The largest enterprise is the Tver railway car building plant.

The embankments of our city deserve special mention. These are the Afanasy Nikitin Embankment and the Stepan Razin embankment. They are quite long and they offer picturesque views.

I love my native city.

Тверь была основана в 1135 году. Это город с богатой историей. Здесь много красивых исторических зданий и памятников.

Одной из главных достопримечательностей является Путевой дворец Екатерины II. Она останавливалась в Твери по пути из Санкт-Петербурга в Москву, как и многие другие известные люди.

Особого упоминания заслуживают набережные нашего города. Это набережная Афанасия Никитина и набережная Степана Разина. Они довольно длинные и оттуда открываются живописные виды.

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Tver city, Russia

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History of Tver

Tver in the 12th-16th centuries

Tver has a rich history dating back to the first half of the 12th century. Officially, the year of foundation of the city is 1135. According to archaeological data, a settlement on the cape at the confluence of the T’maka River with the Volga existed already in the 9th-10th centuries. In the 12th century, it was a small trading settlement. The first birch bark letter, found in Tver on the territory of the old Tver Kremlin, dates back to 1200-1220.

In the first third of the 13th century, Tver was part of the Principality of Pereyaslavl. In 1238, the town was ravaged by the Mongols, but quickly recovered from the defeat. In 1247, Tver became the capital of the Principality of Tver.

The geographical position of Tver on an important trade route connecting Novgorod with northeastern Russia, and the relative remoteness from the Golden Horde contributed to the influx of population from other Russian lands into the region. The growth of Tver was also caused by the change in its political role. In 1264, Prince Yaroslav of Tver became the Grand Duke of Vladimir, but stayed to live in Tver.

Chronicles and stone construction were resumed in Tver for the first time in Rus after a 50-year hiatus. Tver developed its own original art school: architecture, icon painting, jewelry, decorative and applied arts. Its own coin was also minted here.

In the summer of 1327, after the arrival of the khan’s ambassador Shevkal in Tver, rumors spread about the imminent conversion of the residents of Tver to Islam. A powerful uprising broke out in the town. With the help of Ivan Kalita, Grand Duke of Moscow, it was brutally suppressed; Tver was ruined. The suppression of the uprising marked the beginning of the decline of Tver.

Until the second half of the 15th century, Tver was subjected to repeated attacks by the Mongols and Moscow. In this struggle, Tver gradually lost its leading position among the old principalities of North-Eastern Russia. Moscow became the unifier of the Russian lands. This struggle undermined the strength of Tver. However, in the 14th-15th centuries, it remained a large trade, craft, and cultural center, one of the most developed Russian towns. In 1485, Moscow troops occupied Tver, the Tver Principality ceased to exist and became part of the emerging Russian centralized state.

In the 16th century, the oldest surviving church in Tver, the Trinity Church, known as the White Trinity, was built. In December 1569, Tver was plundered by the oprichnina army of Ivan IV the Terrible during his campaign against Novgorod.

Tver in the 17th-19th centuries

At the beginning of the 17th century, about 10,000 people lived in Tver. In 1612, during the Time of Troubles, it was completely devastated by the Polish-Lithuanian troops. In 1629, the town had 11 abandoned churches and monasteries, 1,450 empty houses. In 1685, its population was about 4,600 residents.

In the 18th century, after the founding of St. Petersburg, Tver became an important communication point between the new capital of Russia and Moscow. In 1701, by order of Peter I, a floating bridge on rafts was built in Tver, which existed until 1900. By 1709, the construction of the Vyshnevolotsk water system was completed, which connected the Volga with the Baltic Sea.

A lot of civil buildings were constructed in Tver. Many of them have survived to this day. The oldest of them is considered to be the house of the merchant Arefiev, which houses the museum of Tver everyday life now.

In 1851, Tver was connected with St. Petersburg and Moscow by the Nikolaev railway. In the second half of the 19th century, a steamship society, a weaving manufactory, a mechanical plant for the production of parts for textile machines, sawmills, and other enterprises were opened in Tver. In 1850-1860, three textile factories were founded in Tver.

Tver in the 20th century and beyond

In the 1920s-1930s, dozens of churches, architectural monuments of the 17th-19th centuries, were closed and destroyed in the city. On November 20, 1931, Tver was renamed Kalinin, in honor of M.I. Kalinin, the Soviet party and statesman, a native of the Tver Governorate. In 1935, Kalinin became the administrative center of Kalinin Oblast. The population of the city was 216,131 people in 1939.

On October 17, 1941, during the Second World War, the city was captured by the Germans, however, their further advance was delayed, and in the northwest direction it was completely stopped. It was under German occupation for about two months. During the occupation and heavy fighting, the city was badly damaged, more than half of the residential buildings and about 70 enterprises were destroyed. Until the liberation of Rzhev (March 3, 1943), Kalinin was subjected to systematic raids by German aircraft.

On November 1, 1945, a decree was adopted on the priority restoration of 15 most important cities of Russia destroyed during the war, including the city of Kalinin. In the 1950s-1960s, magnificent buildings in the style of Stalinist classicism were erected: the drama theater (1951), the library named after M. Gorky, the technical school on Lenin Avenue (1957), the ensembles of Novopromyshlennaya Square, Peace Square, Gagarin Square.

In the second half of the 20th century, an electrical equipment plant, a chemical fiber plant, a silicate brick plant, a silk-weaving factory, a meat processing plant, a pharmaceutical factory, a fiberglass plant, etc. were opened in Kalinin. It became not only a large industrial city, but also an important transport hub. In 1961, a river port and a circular highway were opened here, connecting highways to Moscow, Leningrad, Rzhev, and Volokolamsk.

In 1989, the population of Tver was 450,941 people. By the early 1990s, there were about 80 industrial enterprises of 28 industries, 5 universities, 3 theaters, 12 movie theaters, 8 palaces of culture in Kalinin. On July 17, 1990, the historical name and coat of arms were returned to the city.

Due to the negative economic consequences caused by the collapse of the Soviet Union, active development in the city temporarily ceased. The only new microdistrict built in the 1990s-2000s was the microdistrict Mamulino, built for the withdrawal of a contingent of Soviet troops from East Germany in 1993.

The new economic reality turned out to be disastrous for the local industry, especially the light one, traditional for the city, as a result of which the largest enterprises of Tver stopped their work, which caused an increase in the level of unemployment and social tension.

In the mid-2000s, large-scale housing construction resumed in Tver, active construction of public buildings, shopping and entertainment centers began. At the same time, new industrial enterprises were commissioned.

Architecture of Tver

Author: Andrey Dmitriev

Author: Andrey Dmitriev

Wooden architecture in Tver

Author: Alexandra Kilanova

There are several versions about the etymology of the name of Tver. According to one of them, it was named after the Tvertsa River, and Tvertsa, in turn, is derived from the Finnish word “tiort” (“fast”). According to another version, the name of the city comes from the Slavic “tverd” (“fortress”). In addition, this name is associated with the Polish word “twierdza” (“fortress”) and the Lithuanian words “tvora” (“fence”) and “tverti” (“to enclose”).

Tver is located at the intersection of the railway and highway connecting Moscow and St. Petersburg with the Volga in its upper reaches; about 180 km north-west of Moscow and 520 km south-east of St. Petersburg. The City Day of Tver is celebrated on the last Saturday of June.

The coat of arms of Tver corresponds to the historical coat of arms of Tver approved by Empress Catherine II in 1780 with the following description: “In a red field, on a green pillow, a golden crown”.

Tver is one of the largest industrial centers in Russia. The main industrial sectors of the city are mechanical engineering, printing, and food processing. A characteristic feature of local machine building is its concentration in one enterprise: Tver Carriage Works (the largest employer in Tver with more than 8 thousand employees).

Today, Tver is an important tourist center of Russia. The city has preserved a lot of historical mansions of the 18th century, with which almost the entire Volga embankment is built up. The restored churches of the 17th century are also of great interest.

The Volga River is worth a separate mention. Within the limits of Tver, its banks are dressed in picturesque embankments, where comfortable areas for recreation and walking have been created.

Main Attractions of Tver

Today, the Tver Imperial Travel Palace houses the Tver Picture Gallery. The art collection of the gallery numbers about 32,000 exhibits: collections of cult (“Old Russian”) art of the 14th-20th centuries, Russian painting, graphics and sculpture of the 18th-20th centuries, Western European art of the 15th-20th centuries, decorative and applied art of Russia, Europe, East.

Afanasy Nikitin Embankment. This embankment stretches along the left bank of the Volga. There are a lot of stylized restaurants and open-air verandas here, where tourists love to drop in in the warm season. On the embankment, there are several monuments in honor of famous historical figures, as well as a city amusement park.

Tver State United Museum. The exposition of the museum tells about the nature of this region, its history, and archaeological finds. Here you can see antiques, learn about the history of the Tver Principality, the religion of the Slavs, get acquainted with the architecture and life of the nobles, who lived on the territory of the Tver region in the 17th-19th centuries. Sovetskaya Street, 5.

Tver Mosque (1906). Due to its bright and very unusual appearance, this mosque is deservedly one of the main architectural attractions of Tver. The building was constructed in neo-Moorish style with semicircular arches on the ground floor and a scalloped ridge on the roof. Sovetskaya Street, 63.

Not far from the mosque, there is an observation deck “Panorama” (Smolensky Lane, 29), where you can enjoy the views of the old Tver and the Volga River from the height of the 24th floor.

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Субъекты Российской Федерации.

Тетратека

НАЗВАНИЯ СУБЪЕКТОВ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ

Часто у переводчиков возникает вопрос, как правильно писать на английском языке названия субъектов Российской Федерации. На наш взгляд самым логичным было посмотреть перевод Конституции Российской Федерации, выложенный на каком-то из заслуживающих доверие сайтах, например, на www.constitution.ru.

Согласно переводу статьи 65 Конституции РФ на английском языке субъекты РФ имеют следующие названия:

Республика Адыгея (Адыгея) Republic of Adygeya Республика Алтай Republic of Altai Республика Башкортостан Republic of Bashkortostan Республика Бурятия Republic of Buryatia Республика Дагестан Republic of Daghestan Республика Ингушетия Republic of Ingushetia Кабардино-Балкарская Республика Kabardino-Balkarian Republic Республика Калмыкия Republic of Kalmykia Карачаево-Черкесская Республика Karachayevo-Circassian Republic Республика Карелия Republic of Karelia Республика Коми Komi Republic Республика Крым Republic of Crimea Республика Марий Эл Republic of Mari El Республика Мордовия Republic of Mordovia Республика Саха (Якутия) Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) Республика Северная Осетия – Алания Republic of North Ossetia – Alania Республика Татарстан (Татарстан) Republic of Tatarstan Республика Тыва Republic of Tuva Удмуртская Республика Udmurtian Republic Республика Хакасия Republic of Khakassia Чеченская Республика Chechen Republic Чувашская Республика – Чувашия Chuvash Republic

Territories Алтайский край Altai Territory Забайкальский край Trans-Baikal Territory Камчатский край Kamchatka Territory Краснодарский край Krasnodar Territory Красноярский край Krasnoyarsk Territory Пермский край Perm Territory Приморский край Primorye Territory Ставропольский край Stavropol Territory Хабаровский край Khabarovsk Territory

Амурская область Amur Region Архангельская область Arkhangelsk Region Астраханская область Astrakhan Region Белгородская область Belgorod Region Брянская область Bryansk Region Владимирская область Vladimir Region Волгоградская область Volgograd Region Вологодская область Vologda Region Воронежская область Voronezh Region Ивановская область Ivanovo Region Иркутская область Irkutsk Region Калининградская область Kaliningrad Region Калужская область Kaluga Region Кемеровская область Kemerovo Region Кировская область Kirov Region Костромская область Kostroma Region Курганская область Kurgan Region Курская область Kursk Region Ленинградская область Leningrad Region Липецкая область Lipetsk Region Магаданская область Magadan Region Московская область Moscow Region Мурманская область Murmansk Region Нижегородская область Nizhny Novgorod Region Новгородская область Novgorod Region Новосибирская область Novosibirsk Region Омская область Omsk Region Оренбургская область Orenburg Region Орловская область Orel Region Пензенская область Penza Region Псковская область Pskov Region Ростовская область Rostov Region Рязанская область Ryazan Region Самарская область Samara Region Саратовская область Saratov Region Сахалинская область Sakhalin Region Свердловская область Sverdlovsk Region Смоленская область Smolensk Region Тамбовская область Tambov Region Тверская область Tver Region Томская область Tomsk Region Тульская область Tula Region Тюменская область Tyumen Region Ульяновская область Ulyanovsk Region Челябинская область Chelyabinsk Region Ярославская область Yaroslavl Region

Города федерального значения

Cities o f Federal Importance

Москва Moscow Санкт-Петербург St. Petersburg Севастополь Sevastopol

Autonomous Region s

Еврейская автономная область Jewish Autonomous Region

Ненецкий автономный округ Nenets Autonomous Area Ханты-Мансийский автономный округ – Югра Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Area – Yugra Чукотский автономный округ Chukotka Autonomous Area Ямало-Ненецкий автономный округ Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Area

Мы в своей работе используем именно этот вариант.

Справедливости ради следует отметить, что перевод Конституции РФ, размещенный на сайте www.kremlin.ru, несколько отличается. Перевод названий субъектов в статье 65 полностью соответствует приведенной таблице, но вот в переводе статьи 66 мы видим следующую картину: «The status of a kray, oblast, city of federal significance, autonomous oblast, autonomous okrug shall be determined by the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the charter of the kray, oblast, city of federal significance, autonomous oblast and autonomous okrug which is adopted by the legislative (representative) body of the corresponding constituent entity of the Russian Federation.» – т.е. «Territory» превращается в «Kray», «Region» в «Oblast», «City of Federal Importance» в «City of Federal Significance», «Autonomous Region» в «Autonomous Oblast», а «Autonomous Area» в «Autonomous Okrug». Все, что можно было перевести по-другому, было переведено по-другому.

Но это, скорее всего, временное явление и в ближайшем будущем размещенный текст будет заменен, дабы устранить разночтение.

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