Субъекты Российской Федерации.
Тетратека
НАЗВАНИЯ СУБЪЕКТОВ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ
Часто у переводчиков возникает вопрос, как правильно писать на английском языке названия субъектов Российской Федерации. На наш взгляд самым логичным было посмотреть перевод Конституции Российской Федерации, выложенный на каком-то из заслуживающих доверие сайтах, например, на www.constitution.ru.
Согласно переводу статьи 65 Конституции РФ на английском языке субъекты РФ имеют следующие названия:
Territories
Города федерального значения
Cities o f Federal Importance
Autonomous Region s
Мы в своей работе используем именно этот вариант.
Справедливости ради следует отметить, что перевод Конституции РФ, размещенный на сайте www.kremlin.ru, несколько отличается. Перевод названий субъектов в статье 65 полностью соответствует приведенной таблице, но вот в переводе статьи 66 мы видим следующую картину: «The status of a kray, oblast, city of federal significance, autonomous oblast, autonomous okrug shall be determined by the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the charter of the kray, oblast, city of federal significance, autonomous oblast and autonomous okrug which is adopted by the legislative (representative) body of the corresponding constituent entity of the Russian Federation.» – т.е. «Territory» превращается в «Kray», «Region» в «Oblast», «City of Federal Importance» в «City of Federal Significance», «Autonomous Region» в «Autonomous Oblast», а «Autonomous Area» в «Autonomous Okrug». Все, что можно было перевести по-другому, было переведено по-другому.
Но это, скорее всего, временное явление и в ближайшем будущем размещенный текст будет заменен, дабы устранить разночтение.
Kaliningrad city, Russia
Kaliningrad is a city in Russia, the administrative center of Kaliningrad Oblast, the westernmost regional center of the country. Until July 4, 1946, this city was called Konigsberg.
Kaliningrad city flag
Kaliningrad city coat of arms
Kaliningrad city map, Russia
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2 December, 2010 / A monument to three-times Academy award-winning American actor and director Woody Allen was unveiled in Russia’s westernmost city of Kaliningrad on the Baltic. The monument features a bronze hand holding Woody Allen’s signature goggles.
Brief History of Konigsberg/Kaliningrad
Foundation of Konigsberg
In 1255, a castle named Konigsberg (“King’s Mountain”) was founded on a hill on the high right bank in the lower reaches of the Pregolya River at the site of the Prussian settlement of Twangste (“Oak Forest”). The founders of the castle were the knights of the Grand Master of the Teutonic Order Poppo von Ostern and the Czech king Przemysl Ottokar II, whose troops came to the aid of the knights, who suffered defeats from the local pagan population. The knights, in turn, were invited to Prussia by the Polish king to fight the pagans and to Christianize these lands.
In subsequent years, German colonists began to arrive in the conquered lands. They mixed with the local Prussian population, who later forgot their language and culture and almost completely assimilated. In the 16th century, in Konigsberg, the Prussians still accounted for about 20% of the population. A settlement appeared at the castle walls, which also began to be called Konigsberg. In 1333, the Konigsberg Cathedral was mentioned for the first time. It is located in the city center, on the island of Kant (Kneiphof).
After the Thirteen Years’ War (the War of the Cities) of 1454-1466, the Teutonic Order became a Polish vassal and moved its capital to Konigsberg from Marienburg (Malbork in Poland). In 1525, the Grand Master of the Teutonic Order Albrecht transformed the theocratic state into the secular Prussian Duchy, subject to Poland, and he himself became a duke.
The favorable geographical position of Konigsberg, the ice-free Baltic Sea, the abundance of rivers and lakes contributed to the development of shipping. In 1544, the Koenigsberg University was opened. Since 1554, the town developed according to the urban development plan becoming a large industrial and cultural center.
In 1758, during The Seven Years’ War, Russian troops entered Konigsberg. The residents of the town swore allegiance to Empress Elizabeth of the Russian Empire. Until 1762, Konigsberg belonged to Russia and was the center of the general-governorate of East Prussia. The town was returned to Prussia under the terms of the St. Petersburg peace treaty concluded with it by the Russian emperor Peter III. In 1776, the famous writer Ernst Theodor Amadeus Hoffmann (1776-1822) was born in Konigsberg.
During the 19th century, the reconstruction of the defensive structures of the city was carried out. A lot of bastions, ravelins, defensive ramparts were built. Most of them have survived to this day. The city gates constructed in the neo-Gothic style are of particular interest. In the 19th century, Konigsberg grew significantly. In 1782, there were 31,368 residents here. In 1888, the population of the city was 140,909 people.
In 1910, the population of Konigsberg was about 249,600 people. Koenigsberg was important as a seaport and a major railway junction. It was a key point on trade routes leading from the Russian Empire to the west. Before the First World War, Koenigsberg became a place of international trade between the East (Russia) and the West. It was especially significant in the grain and forest trade.
Koenigsberg turned into the Soviet city of Kaliningrad
In August 1944, during the Second World War, the historic center of Konigsberg suffered severe damage during the air raids carried by British bombers. Later, the city was stormed by Soviet troops.
After the war, only about 20,000 out of 370,000 German residents remained in the city. By 1947, almost all of them were evicted to Germany. Soviet citizens were relocated to the city. July 4, 1946, after the death of Mikhail Ivanovich Kalinin, a Bolshevik revolutionary and a Soviet politician, Konigsberg and Konigsberg Oblast were renamed to Kaliningrad and Kaliningrad Oblast in his honor.
Kaliningrad Oblast became the western outpost of the Soviet Union. Due to its important strategic position and the large concentration of troops, Kaliningrad was closed to foreign citizens. In the postwar years, special attention was paid to the restoration of production, the preservation of historical and cultural values was of secondary importance, and often completely ignored.
After the war, excavations were occasionally carried out on the site of the ruins of the Konigsberg Castle. The old city was not restored. The damaged castle was demolished in the late 1960s, despite the protests of architects, historians, and other residents of the city. The demolition of the ruins and a significant part of the surviving buildings continued until the mid-1970s, which caused irreparable damage to the architectural appearance of the city.
Kaliningrad in today’s Russia
The collapse of the USSR was the beginning of a new stage in the development of Kaliningrad and Kaliningrad Oblast. The region became isolated from the main territory of Russia.
In 1991, Kalningrad became open for international cooperation with other countries, primarily with Germany and Poland, in the fields of business, culture, and education. The question of returning the original name was raised several times, which however didn’t lead to anything.
In 2018, the Kaliningrad Arena stadium with a capacity of 35 thousand seats was built. Four matches of FIFA World Cup 2018 were played in Kaliningrad.
Today, according to various ratings, Kaliningrad is one of the best cities in Russia for both living and doing business.
Kaliningrad streets
Kaliningrad street view
Author: Tylyguzov Sergey
Kaliningrad city view
Author: Tylyguzov Sergey
Author: Tylyguzov Sergey
The city of Kaliningrad, located about 1,250 km west of Moscow, is the administrative center of the westernmost region of Russia, the only region of the Russian Federation, which is completely separated from the rest of the country by hundreds of kilometers, land borders of two states (Poland, Lithuania), and international sea waters.
Pskov, the nearest regional center of Russia, is 800 km away. At the same time, the distances to a lot of European capitals are relatively small: 350 km to Warsaw and Vilnius, 390 km to Riga, 550 km to Minsk, 600 km to Berlin, 650 km to Stockholm, 680 km to Copenhagen.
Kaliningrad stands on both banks of the Pregolya River, not far from the Kaliningrad Bay located in the southeastern Baltic Sea. This is the largest city in the North-West Federal District of Russia after St. Petersburg, the third largest city (after Riga and Vilnius) in the Baltic states.
Kaliningrad is the most important transport hub in the region because it is the only non-freezing Russian port in the Baltic Sea. Khrabrovo International Airport offers regular flights to Moscow, St. Petersburg, Riga, Minsk, Warsaw. Regular bus routes connect Kaliningrad with Belarus, Ukraine, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Poland, the Czech Republic, and Germany.
Among foreign tourists visiting Kaliningrad Oblast, tourists from Germany make up the bulk, which is approximately equal to the combined presence of all tourists from other countries. In Kaliningrad, there are more than 100 hotels of various categories. Kaliningrad hotels are among the best in Russia.
With rare exceptions, almost no pre-war buildings have been preserved in the city center. The surviving German buildings are located closer to the outskirts. In the last third of the 20th century, the attitude towards German architecture began to change, some of the German buildings that had been preserved until that time were restored.
Main Attractions of Kaliningrad
The Curonian Spit is a unique natural area with sand dunes, pines, picturesque sea views (unfortunately, the water is almost always cold), and clean air. Favorable climatic conditions allow people to rest here from May to November.
Due to its geographical location and orientation from north-east to south-west, the Curonian Spit serves as a corridor for migratory birds. From 10 to 20 million birds fly over the spit every spring and autumn, a significant part of them stops here to rest and feed.
This cathedral, built in the style of brick (Baltic) Gothic architecture, is one of the few Gothic buildings in Russia and one of the symbols of Kaliningrad. Today, the building is used to house museum exhibits and hold concerts. There are evangelical and orthodox chapels. Immanuel Kant was buried in the “professorial tomb” of the cathedral in 1804 and became the last person buried in it. Kanta Street, 1.
Kaliningrad Regional Museum of History and Arts. The main branch of this museum occupies a building constructed in 1912, which is located in the central part of Kaliningrad. Tourists can visit five thematic halls: the history of the region, archeology, nature, war, and “The Horizons of Memory”. Each hall contains collections devoted to the history and culture of the region from the ancient period to current events. Klinicheskaya Street, 21.