Вологда
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См. также в других словарях:
Вологда-1 — Станция Вологда 1 Северная железная дорога … Википедия
Вологда — город, центр Вологодской области РСФСР, на р. Вологда. Впервые упоминается в 1147. В XV XVII вв. крупный торговый и ремесленный центр. На территории старого центра города Архиерейского двора, окружённого каменными стенами и башнями (1671… … Художественная энциклопедия
Вологда — Вологда. Ансамбль Соборной площади на территории Архиерейского двора. 16 18 вв. ВОЛОГДА, город, центр Вологодской области, в России, на реке Вологда. 289,8 тысяч жителей. Железнодорожный узел, пристань. Машиностроение, пищевая (в том числе… … Иллюстрированный энциклопедический словарь
ВОЛОГДА — город в Российской Федерации, центр Вологодской обл., пристань на р. Вологда. Железнодорожный узел. 290,2 тыс. жителей (1992). Машиностроение, пищевая, легкая (льнокомбинат, трикотажная, меховая фабрики) и др. промышленность. 3 вуза. 3 театра.… … Большой Энциклопедический словарь
ВОЛОГДА — ВОЛОГДА, город, центр Вологодской обл., пристань на р. Вологда. Ж. д. узел. 303,1 тыс. жителей (1998). Машиностроение, пищевая, лёгкая (льнокомбинат, швейная, меховая фабрики) и др. промышленность. 3 вуза. 2 театра. Дом музей Петра I,… … Русская история
вологда — сущ., кол во синонимов: 2 • город (2765) • река (2073) Словарь синонимов ASIS. В.Н. Тришин. 2013 … Словарь синонимов
вологда-18 — сущ., кол во синонимов: 1 • федотово (1) Словарь синонимов ASIS. В.Н. Тришин. 2013 … Словарь синонимов
Вологда — губернский город Вологодской губернии на широте северной59 … Энциклопедия Брокгауза и Ефрона
Вологда — У этого термина существуют и другие значения, см. Вологда (значения). Город Вологда … Википедия
Вологда I — У этого термина существуют и другие значения, см. Вологда (значения). Координаты: 59°12′25″ с. ш. 39°52′56″ в. д. / 59.206944° с. ш. 39.882222° в. д. … Википедия
Vologda city, Russia
Vologda is one of the largest cities of Russian North, the administrative center of Vologda Oblast. Located about 470 km north of Moscow, it is one of the Russian cities with a particularly valuable historical heritage.
Vologda city flag
Vologda city coat of arms
Vologda city map, Russia
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History of Vologda
Foundation of Vologda
The official year of foundation of Vologda is 1147. However, many historians and archaeologists express doubts about it and are more inclined to believe that Vologda was founded in the middle of the 13th century. In 1264, Vologda was first mentioned in written sources. The birch bark manuscript found in Vologda dates back to 1320-1340.
Until the end of the 14th century, Vologda was subordinate to the Novgorod Republic. But since the end of the 13th century, due to its favorable geographical position at the crossroads of waterways, it repeatedly became the object of wars between Novgorod, the princes of Tver and Moscow.
In 1397, the Moscow prince Vasily I by military means de facto annexed Vologda to his possessions. Under Ivan III (1440-1505), Vologda became a gathering place for troops during military campaigns, storage of the treasury and grain reserves, as well as a place of exile.
During the reign of Tsar Ivan IV (1530-1584), commonly known as Ivan the Terrible, Vologda became one of the most important transit centers in Russia’s foreign trade with England, the Netherlands, and other European countries, as well as with Siberia.
In 1565, Ivan IV decided to turn Vologda into the capital of the Oprichnina (the first political police in Russian history) and ordered the construction of the stone Vologda Kremlin. In 1568, on the territory of the fortress, the construction of the St. Sophia Cathedral, the first stone building in Vologda, began. The construction lasted until 1570 and was carried out on the model of the Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin.
In 1571, Ivan IV unexpectedly stopped construction work in Vologda and left it forever. As possible reasons, historians identify the abolition of Oprichnina (and, consequently, its center), the raid of the Crimean Khan Devlet Giray to Moscow, as a result of which it was almost completely burned down, and the plague epidemic.
There is also a legend that during one of his visits to St. Sophia Cathedral, a stone (or a piece of plaster) fell from its roof on Ivan IV’s head, which the tsar took as a bad sign. In support of this legend, the fact is cited that the St. Sophia Cathedral, which Ivan IV even wanted to disassemble, wasn’t consecrated during his reign. It was done only during the reign of his son Fyodor Ioannovich in 1587.
Vologda in the 17th-19th centuries
After the end of the Time of Troubles, Vologda experienced a new heyday. According to the census of 1678, the town had 1,420 households, second only to Moscow (4,845 households) and Yaroslavl (2,236 households).
During the reign of Peter I (1672-1725), Vologda, in addition to its trade and craft importance, became a major military base and a shipbuilding center. Peter I stayed in the town 5 times. The place of his stay in Vologda was the house of the Dutch merchant I. Goutman. In 1885, it was turned into the House-Museum of Peter I.
However, with the founding of St. Petersburg, which opened the sea route to Europe through the Baltic Sea, the importance of Vologda as a center of Russia’s foreign trade fell sharply. In addition, Vologda ceased to be an administrative center. In 1722, by Peter’s decree on the restriction of trade through Arkhangelsk, Vologda found itself completely aside from trade routes and turned into an ordinary provincial town.
Some revival came under Catherine II, who made Vologda the center of Vologda Viceroyalty in 1780. In 1791, the Russian writer and traveler Peter Chelishchev recorded that there were 8,156 people in Vologda, 1,572 wooden and 38 stone houses, 49 stone churches, 129 shops, and 72 manufactories. In 1796, by the decree of Paul I, Vologda Viceroyalty was renamed into Vologda Governorate.
The new economic growth of Vologda was associated with the launch of the Mariinsky and Severo-Dvinskaya water systems, steamship traffic along the Sukhona River, and with the construction of a railway line connecting Vologda with Yaroslavl and Moscow (1872), with Arkhangelsk (1898), with St. Petersburg and Vyatka (1905).
In 1871, entrepreneur Friedrich Bouman opened the first Russian specialized butter factory in the village of Marfino of the Vologda county, and in 1872, another butter factory in the nearby village of Fominskoye (13 km from Vologda). Vologda became the center of the Russian dairy industry, and “Vologda butter” became a global brand.
Vologda continued to be a place of exile and received the nickname “near-capital Siberia” in the 19th century. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, such famous figures as I.V. Stalin, V.M. Molotov, N.A. Berdyaev, B.V. Savinkov, M.I. Ulyanova, A.V. Lunacharsky, and A.A. Bogdanov were in exile in Vologad. According to rough estimates, a total of about 10 thousand people passed through the Vologda exile.
According to the First All-Russian Census of 1897, 27,872 people lived in Vologda. At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, a power station, a water supply system, and a telephone station were built. Traditional folk crafts continued to develop, primarily lace-making. In 1912, there were up to 40,000 lace makers in the vicinity of Vologda.
Vologda in the 20th century
Soviet power in Vologda was established in January 1918. In February 1918, Vologda became the “diplomatic capital of Russia” for several months. Fearing the capture of Petrograd (St. Petersburg) by German troops, about 11 embassies, consulates and diplomatic missions headed by the US ambassador David Rowland Francis were evacuated here. On July 24, 1918, under pressure from the Bolsheviks, diplomats were forced to leave Vologda. During the Russian Civil War, due to refugees, the military, the migration of peasants, the population of Vologda at times reached 60,000 people.
In 1929, Vologda lost its status as a regional center for some time. In the 1930s, industrialization took place in the city: a flax mill, a plant for the manufacture of sawmill equipment “Northern Kommunar”, a garment factory named after Clara Zetkin, and other plants. In 1931, the Oktyabrsky Bridge, the first stone bridge across the Vologda River, was opened. In 1937, a separate Vologda Oblast was established again.
By the beginning of World War II, about 100,000 people lived in Vologda. During the war, the city turned into a large evacuation (mainly for residents of besieged Leningrad) and hospital center. In the winter and spring of 1942, Vologda accepted about 550,000 refugees from Leningrad. A lot of them died of disease and exhaustion in Vologda.
In the postwar years, Vologda became a major center of mechanical engineering. The rapid growth of industry caused an intensive influx of population. In 1973, the city’s population exceeded 200,000. In 1989, the population of Vologda was about 283,000 people.
The 1990s were very difficult for Vologda, as well as for the whole of Russia. Economic and business ties changed significantly or even stopped altogether.
Vologda views
Author: Andrey Litvin
In the historic center of Vologda
Author: Aleksey Backlushin
On the territory of the Vologda Kremlin
Author: Sergey Duhanin
This city is a large economic center of Vologda Oblast and the Northwestern Federal District with a developed industry and a diverse range of services. The backbone of the city’s economy is industry formed mainly in the 1950s-1980s.
Vologda is one of the cultural centers of the Russian North: civil wooden architecture, Vologda lace, stone church architecture, icon painting. Historically, the Vologda culture was formed as a fusion of Novgorod (wooden architecture), Rostov and Moscow (stone church building and icon painting) traditions, while the role of the indigenous Finno-Ugric population is small and manifests itself mainly in toponymy and folk culture.
The city has an interesting historical and architectural heritage. The historical appearance of Vologda was formed by a harmonious combination of monuments of stone and wooden architecture. With the exception of churches destroyed during the Soviet era and rebuilt squares, the historical buildings of the city center are relatively well preserved.
In Vologda, there are more than 190 monuments of architecture and history of federal significance. Among the historical cities of Russia, Vologda occupies a special place in terms of the number and importance of monuments of wooden architecture.
Main Attractions of Vologda
Vologda Lace Museum. Vologda lace is a well-known tourist brand that plays a key role in the theme of many Vologda excursions along with wooden architecture. The collection of this unique museum has not only works of local artisans, but also exhibits that tell about the world history of lacemaking, magnificent costumes, home textiles, jewelry, and paintings.
There is also a shop, a cafe, a creative workshop, and a classroom here. In the shop, visitors can purchase a variety of lace products (most of the items are made in a single copy). Kremlyovskaya Square, 10.
Museum “Vologda Exile”. In pre-revolutionary Russia, Vologda was one of the places where political prisoners were exiled. In 2007, a museum dedicated to these events was opened in a wooden house on Maria Ulyanova Street, 33. The building is notable for the fact that Joseph Stalin, who was in exile, lived here for several months in 1911-1912. The exposition tells about famous political prisoners and their activities.
Center for Folk Arts and Crafts “Carved Palisade”. This center hosts lectures on topics related to the folk culture of the Vologda region, historical and archaeological discoveries; personal and thematic exhibitions of artists; master classes on patchwork, traditional dolls, lace-making, birch-weaving, carving, and painting on wood, ceramics, etc.; concerts of Vologda performers of folk songs. Here you can also find a permanent exhibition of folk arts and crafts and a shop with a great selection of handmade designer souvenirs. Zasodimskogo Street, 5.
Субъекты Российской Федерации.
Тетратека
НАЗВАНИЯ СУБЪЕКТОВ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ
Часто у переводчиков возникает вопрос, как правильно писать на английском языке названия субъектов Российской Федерации. На наш взгляд самым логичным было посмотреть перевод Конституции Российской Федерации, выложенный на каком-то из заслуживающих доверие сайтах, например, на www.constitution.ru.
Согласно переводу статьи 65 Конституции РФ на английском языке субъекты РФ имеют следующие названия:
Territories
Города федерального значения
Cities o f Federal Importance
Autonomous Region s
Мы в своей работе используем именно этот вариант.
Справедливости ради следует отметить, что перевод Конституции РФ, размещенный на сайте www.kremlin.ru, несколько отличается. Перевод названий субъектов в статье 65 полностью соответствует приведенной таблице, но вот в переводе статьи 66 мы видим следующую картину: «The status of a kray, oblast, city of federal significance, autonomous oblast, autonomous okrug shall be determined by the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the charter of the kray, oblast, city of federal significance, autonomous oblast and autonomous okrug which is adopted by the legislative (representative) body of the corresponding constituent entity of the Russian Federation.» – т.е. «Territory» превращается в «Kray», «Region» в «Oblast», «City of Federal Importance» в «City of Federal Significance», «Autonomous Region» в «Autonomous Oblast», а «Autonomous Area» в «Autonomous Okrug». Все, что можно было перевести по-другому, было переведено по-другому.
Но это, скорее всего, временное явление и в ближайшем будущем размещенный текст будет заменен, дабы устранить разночтение.