гоголь
1 гоголь
2 goldeneye
См. также в других словарях:
Гоголь — Гоголь, Николай Васильевич Запрос «Гоголь» перенаправляется сюда; см. также другие значения. Николай Васильевич Гоголь Имя при рождении: Николай Васильевич Яновский[1] … Википедия
ГОГОЛЬ — Николай Васильевич (1809 1852), русский писатель. Литературную известность Гоголю принёс сборник Вечера на хуторе близ Диканьки (1831 32), насыщенный украинским этнографическим и фольклорным материалом, отмеченный романтическими настроениями,… … Русская история
Гоголь — Николай Васильевич (1809 1852) один из крупнейших представителей поместного стиля 30 х и начала 40 х гг. Р. на Украине, в местечке Сорочинцах, на границе Полтавского и Миргородского уездов. Главнейшие этапы его жизни таковы: детство свое до 12… … Литературная энциклопедия
гоголь — птица из породы уток нырков (2): А Игорь князь поскочи горнастаемъ къ тростію, и бѣлымъ гоголемъ на воду. 40 41. Игорь рече: „О Донче! не мало ти величія, лелѣявшу князя на влънахъ. стрежаше ѐ гоголемъ на водѣ, чаицами на струяхъ, чрьнядьми… … Словарь-справочник «Слово о полку Игореве»
ГОГОЛЬ — ГОГОЛЬ, гоголя, муж. (зоол.). Птица из породы уток нырков. «Блестит речное зеркало, оглашенное звонким ячаньем лебедей, и гордый гоголь быстро несется по нем.» Гоголь. ❖ Ходить гоголем (разг. ирон.) держаться франтом, щеголем. Толковый словарь… … Толковый словарь Ушакова
ГОГОЛЬ — муж. как название семейное толстоголовых плоских и круглых уток, заключает в себе роды: гоголь, гагк, дзынг и чернеть; как вид, это близкий крохалю красивый нырок или утка Fuligula круглоклювая; | утка Anas clangula. | урал. казач. поплавок,… … Толковый словарь Даля
Гоголь Н.В. — Гоголь Н.В. Гоголь Николай Васильевич (1809 1852) Русский писатель. Афоризмы, цитаты Гоголь Н.В. биография • Есть у русского человека враг, непримиримый, опасный враг, не будь которого он был бы исполином. Враг этот лень. • Какой же русский не… … Сводная энциклопедия афоризмов
гоголь — См … Словарь синонимов
ГОГОЛЬ — Николай Васильевич (1809 52), русский писатель. Литературную известность Гоголю принес сборник Вечера на хуторе близ Диканьки (1831 32), насыщенный национальным колоритом (украинский этнографический и фольклорный материал), отмеченный… … Современная энциклопедия
ГОГОЛЬ — ГОГОЛЬ, крупная нырковая утка. Длина до 45 см, масса до 1,4 кг. В полете издает крыльями звенящий звук (свист). Обитает в лесной зоне Северного полушария. Гнездится в дуплах высоких деревьев около водоемов. Объект охоты … Современная энциклопедия
ГОГОЛЬ — ГОГОЛЬ, я, муж. Нырковая утка. • Ходить гоголем (разг.) держаться гордо, с независимым видом. | прил. гоголиный, ая, ое. Толковый словарь Ожегова. С.И. Ожегов, Н.Ю. Шведова. 1949 1992 … Толковый словарь Ожегова
Nikolay Gogol
Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article.
Nikolay Gogol, in full Nikolay Vasilyevich Gogol, (born March 19 [March 31, New Style], 1809, Sorochintsy, near Poltava, Ukraine, Russian Empire [now in Ukraine]—died February 21 [March 4], 1852, Moscow, Russia), Ukrainian-born humorist, dramatist, and novelist whose works, written in Russian, significantly influenced the direction of Russian literature. His novel Myortvye dushi (1842; Dead Souls) and his short story “Shinel” (1842; “The Overcoat”) are considered the foundations of the great 19th-century tradition of Russian realism.
Youth and early fame
The Ukrainian countryside, with its colourful peasantry, its Cossack traditions, and its rich folklore, constituted the background of Gogol’s boyhood. A member of the petty Ukrainian gentry and a subject of the Russian Empire, Gogol was sent at the age of 12 to the high school at Nezhin. There he distinguished himself by his biting tongue, his contributions of prose and poetry to a magazine, and his portrayal of comic old men and women in school theatricals. In 1828 he went to St. Petersburg, hoping to enter the civil service, but soon discovered that without money and connections he would have to fight hard for a living. He even tried to become an actor, but his audition was unsuccessful. In this predicament he remembered a mediocre sentimental-idyllic poem he had written in the high school. Anxious to achieve fame as a poet, he published it at his own expense, but its failure was so disastrous that he burned all the copies and thought of emigrating to the United States. He embezzled the money his mother had sent him for payment of the mortgage on her farm and took a boat to the German port of Lübeck. He did not sail but briefly toured Germany. Whatever his reasons for undertaking such an irresponsible trip, he soon ran out of money and returned to St. Petersburg, where he got an ill-paid government post.
In the meantime Gogol wrote occasionally for periodicals, finding an escape in childhood memories of the Ukraine. He committed to paper what he remembered of the sunny landscapes, peasants, and boisterous village lads, and he also related tales about devils, witches, and other demonic or fantastic agents that enliven Ukrainian folklore. Romantic stories of the past were thus intermingled with realistic incidents of the present. Such was the origin of his eight narratives, published in two volumes in 1831–32 under the title Vechera na khutore bliz Dikanki ( Evenings on a Farm near Dikanka). Written in a lively and at times colloquial prose, these works contributed something fresh and new to Russian literature. In addition to the author’s whimsical inflection, they abounded in genuine folk flavour, including numerous Ukrainian words and phrases, all of which captivated the Russian literary world.
Mature career
The young author became famous overnight. Among his first admirers were the poets Aleksandr Pushkin and Vasily Zhukovsky, both of whom he had met before. This esteem was soon shared by the writer Sergey Aksakov and the critic Vissarion Belinsky, among others. Having given up his second government post, Gogol was now teaching history in a boarding school for girls. In 1834 he was appointed assistant professor of medieval history at St. Petersburg University, but he felt inadequately equipped for the position and left it after a year. Meanwhile, he prepared energetically for the publication of his next two books, Mirgorod and Arabeski ( Arabesques), which appeared in 1835. The four stories constituting Mirgorod were a continuation of the Evenings, but they revealed a strong gap between Gogol’s romantic escapism and his otherwise pessimistic attitude toward life. Such a splendid narrative of the Cossack past as “Taras Bulba” certainly provided an escape from the present. But “Povest o tom, kak possorilsya Ivan Ivanovich s Ivanom Nikiforovichem” (“Story of the Quarrel Between Ivan Ivanovich and Ivan Nikiforovich”) was, for all its humour, full of bitterness about the meanness and vulgarity of existence. Even the idyllic motif of Gogol’s “ Starosvetskiye pomeshchiki” (“Old-World Landowners”) is undermined with satire, for the mutual affection of the aged couple is marred by gluttony, their ceaseless eating for eating’s sake.
The aggressive realism of a romantic who can neither adapt himself to the world nor escape from it, and is therefore all the more anxious to expose its vulgarity and evil, predominates in Gogol’s Petersburg stories printed (together with some essays) in the second work, Arabesques. In one of these stories, “Zapiski sumasshedshego” (“ Diary of a Madman”), the hero is an utterly frustrated office drudge who finds compensation in megalomania and ends in a lunatic asylum. In another, “ Nevsky prospekt” (“Nevsky Prospect”), a tragic romantic dreamer is contrasted to an adventurous vulgarian, while in the revised finale of “Portret” (“The Portrait”) the author stresses his conviction that evil is ineradicable in this world. In 1836 Gogol published in Pushkin’s Sovremennik (“The Contemporary”) one of his gayest satirical stories, “Kolyaska” (“The Coach”). In the same periodical also appeared his amusingly caustic surrealist tale, “Nos” (“The Nose”). Gogol’s association with Pushkin was of great value because he always trusted his friend’s taste and criticism; moreover, he received from Pushkin the themes for his two principal works, the play Revizor ( The Government Inspector, sometimes titled The Inspector General) and Dead Souls, which were important not only to Russian literature but also to Gogol’s further destiny.
A great comedy, The Government Inspector mercilessly lampoons the corrupt bureaucracy under Nicholas I. Having mistaken a well-dressed windbag for the dreaded incognito inspector, the officials of a provincial town bribe and banquet him in order to turn his attention away from the crying evils of their administration. But during the triumph, after the bogus inspector’s departure, the arrival of the real inspector is announced—to the horror of those concerned. It was only by a special order of the tsar that the first performance of this comedy of indictment and “laughter through tears” took place on April 19, 1836. Yet the hue and cry raised by the reactionary press and officialdom was such that Gogol left Russia for Rome, where he remained, with some interruptions, until 1842. The atmosphere he found in Italy appealed to his taste and to his somewhat patriarchal—not to say primitive—religious propensity. The religious painter Aleksandr Ivanov, who worked in Rome, became his close friend. He also met a number of traveling Russian aristocrats and often saw the émigrée princess Zinaida Volkonsky, a convert to Roman Catholicism, in whose circle religious themes were much discussed. It was in Rome, too, that Gogol wrote most of his masterpiece, Dead Souls.
This comic novel, or “epic,” as the author labeled it, reflects feudal Russia, with its serfdom and bureaucratic iniquities. Chichikov, the hero of the novel, is a polished swindler who, after several reverses of fortune, wants to get rich quick. His bright but criminal idea is to buy from various landowners a number of their recently deceased serfs (or “souls,” as they were called in Russia) whose deaths have not yet been registered by the official census and are therefore regarded as still being alive. The landowners are only too happy to rid themselves of the fictitious property on which they continue to pay taxes until the next census. Chichikov intends to pawn the “souls” in a bank and, with the money thus raised, settle down in a distant region as a respectable gentleman. The provincial townsmen of his first stop are charmed by his polite manners; he approaches several owners in the district who are all willing to sell the “souls” in question, knowing full well the fraudulent nature of the deal. The sad conditions of Russia, in which serfs used to be bought and sold like cattle, are evident throughout the grotesquely humorous transactions. The landowners, one more queer and repellent than the last, have become nicknames known to every Russian reader. When the secret of Chichikov’s errands begins to leak out, he hurriedly leaves the town.
Dead Souls was published in 1842, the same year in which the first edition of Gogol’s collected works was published. The edition included, among his other writings, a sprightly comedy titled Zhenitba (Marriage) and the story “The Overcoat.” The latter concerns a humble scribe who, with untold sacrifices, has acquired a smart overcoat; when robbed of it, he dies of a broken heart. The tragedy of this insignificant man was worked out with so many significant trifles that, years later, Fyodor Dostoyevsky was to exclaim that all Russian realists had come “from under Gogol’s greatcoat.” The apex of Gogol’s fame was, however, Dead Souls. The democratic intellectuals of Belinsky’s brand saw in this novel a work permeated with the spirit of their own liberal aspirations. Its author was all the more popular because after Pushkin’s tragic death Gogol was now looked upon as the head of Russian literature. Gogol, however, began to see his leading role in a perspective of his own. Having witnessed the beneficent results of the laughter caused by his indictments, he was sure that God had given him a great literary talent in order to make him not only castigate abuses through laughter but also to reveal to Russia the righteous way of living in an evil world. He therefore decided to continue Dead Souls as a kind of Divine Comedy in prose; the already published part would represent the Inferno of Russian life, and the second and third parts (with Chichikov’s moral regeneration) would be its Purgatorio and Paradiso.
Биография Николая Гоголя на английском языке
Здесь вы можете прочитать биографию Николая Гоголя на английском языке.
Nikolai Vasilievich Gogol was born on 20 March 1809 in the village of Sorochyntsi. It was situated in Poltava Governorate of the Russian Empire. Now this territory belongs to Ukraine. The ancestors of Gogol’s mother were Polish landowners. It is known that his father, Vasily Gogol-Yanovsky, composed poetry both in Russian and Ukrainian. He died when Nikolai was fifteen years old. The whole family spoke both Ukrainian and Russian. When Nikolai was a child he helped his uncle with various plays in his home theater.
From 1820 to 1828 Gogol studied at a school of higher art which was located in Nizhyn. At that time he started to write. Gogol did not have many friends at school and some of his classmates called him “mysterious dwarf”. At the same time two or three of his schoolmates became his close friends.
At an early age Gogol developed taciturn temperament which was expressed by distressing self-consciousness and infinite ambition. He additionally developed a faculty for mimicry. Consequently Gogol became an incomparable reader of his writings and had an idea to be an actor.
In 1828 he left the school and moved to St Petersburg. Gogol dreamt of being literary celebrity and brought with him a poem Hans Kuchelgarten. It was later published entitled “V. Alov”. Gogol sent his work to different magazines but most of them ridiculed it. Afterwards he bought all the magazines and destroyed them. After that Gogol swore that he’d never begin writing again.
In 1831Gogol presented Ukrainian stories (Evenings on a Farm Near Dikanka). This work was a great success. In a year he presented the second volume of these stories. In 1835 two volumes were in the collection of stories called Mirgorod. During this time Russian critics saw in Gogol the emergence of a Ukrainian, rather than Russian. Afterwards his writings were used for illustrating differences between Ukrainian and Russian national characters. At the same time Gogol became interested in Ukrainian history. He tried to get a job at the history department at Kiev University. The Russian minister of education and Pushkin tried to help him but eventually Gogol couldn’t obtain an appointment at this university.
Gogol’s interest in history was an incitement to him to write a fictional story Taras Bulba where he described Ukrainian Cossacks. At this time Gogol became friends with Mykhaylo Maksymovych who was a naturalist and historian. In 1834 he became Professor of Medieval History at the University of St. Petersburg.
From 1832 to 1836 Gogol worked hard and during this time he was in touch with Pushkin. In April 1836 he presented his comedy The Government Inspector (Revizor). This work was an enormous success and after this event other Russian critics such as Vissarion Belinsky and Stepan Shevyrev reclassified Gogol from a Ukrainian to a Russian writer.
Between 1836 and 1848 Gogol travelled abroad. His tour included a visit to Switzerland, Germany, France, Italy and other countries. In the winter of 1836-1837 Gogol stayed in Paris where he was in touch with Polish exiles and Russian expatriates. He spent a lot of time with the Polish poets Bohdan Zalesky and Adam Mickievicz. Gogol finally moved to Rome where he spent most of his twelve years from 1836. He became interested in Italian literature, opera and art. In 1838 Gogol made the acquaintance of Count Ioseph Vielhorskiy who was 23 years old. He suffered from tuberculosis and Gogol tried to help him but Vielhorskiy died in a year.
In 1837 Pushkin died and this event made a lasting impression on Gogol. After Pushkin’s death his main work was the satirical epic Dead Souls. At the same time Gogol amended The Portrait and Taras Bulba. Moreover he wrote the second comedy Marriage (Zhenitba) and started working on his noted short story, The Overcoat.
In 1841 Gogol completed the first part of Dead Souls and brought it to Russia. This work was presented in 1842. The censorship insisted on renaming of the book. Eventually it was entitled The Adventures of Chichikov. This work made Gogol famous.
Gogol spent his last years travelling throughout the country. He also spent a lot of time with his friends such as Osyp Bodiansky, Sergei Aksakov, Maksymovych and others. His health declined. In February 1852 Gogol destroyed some of his manuscripts including the second part of Dead Souls. 9 days later he died. Gogol was buried in the Novodevichy Cemetery.
Nikolai Gogol was born in Sorochintsi, Ukraine, and grew up on his parent’s country estate. His real surname was Ianovskii, but the writer’s grandfather had taken the name «Gogol» to claim a nobel Cossack ancestry. Gogol’s father was an educated and gifted man, who wrote plays, poems, and sketches.
Gogol started write while in high school. He attended Poltava boarding school (1819-1821) and Nezhyn high school (1821-1828). In 1829 he mowed to St. Petersburg. Gogol worked at minor governmental jobs and wrote occasionally for periodicals. Between the years 1831 and 1834 he taught history at the Patriotic Institute and worked as a private tutor.
In 1831, Gogol met Aleksander Pushkin who greatly influenced his choice of literary material, especially his «Dikan’ka Tales», which were based on Ukrainian folklore. Their friendship lasted until the great poet’s death. In 1835, Gogol became a full-time writer.
Under the title «Mirgorod» (1835) Gogol published a new collection of stories. The book included the famous historical tale «Taras Bulba», which showed the influence of Walter Scott. The protagonist is a strong, heroic character, not very typical for the author’s later cavalcade of bureaucrats, lunatics, swindlers, and losers.
«St. Petersburg Stories» (1835) examined disorders of mind and social relationships. «The Nose» was about a man who loses his nose and which tries to live its own life. In «Nevski Prospect» a talented artist falls in love with a tender poetic beauty who turns out to be a prostitute and commits suicide when his dreams are shattered. «The Diary of a Madman» asked why is it that «all the best things in life, they all go to the Equerries or the generals?» «The Overcoat» contrasted humility and meekness with the rudeness of the «important personage».
Gogol published in 1836 several stories in Pushkin’s journal «Sovremennik» and in the same year appeared his famous play, «The Inspector General». It told a simple tale of a young civil servant, Khlestakov, who finds himself stranded in a small provincial town. By mistake, he is taken by the local officials to be a government inspector, who is visiting their province incognito. Khlestakov happily adapts to his new role and exploits the situation, but then arrives the real inspector.
Its first stage production was in St. Petersburg, given in the presence of the tsar. The tsar, as he left his box after the premiere, dropped the comment: «Hmm, what a play! Gets at everyone, and most of all at me!» Gogol, who was always sensitive about reaction to his work, fled Russia for Western Europe. He visited Germany, Switzerland, and France and settled then in Rome. He also made a pilgrimage to Palestine in 1848.
In Rome Gogol wrote his major work, «The Dead Souls». Gogol claimed that the story was suggested by Pushkin in a conversation in 1835. It depicted the adventures Pavel Ivanovich Chichikov, who arrives in a provincial town to buy «dead souls», dead serfs. By selling these «souls» with a cheaply-bought lands, Chichikov planned to make a huge profit. He meets local landowners and departs in a hurry, when rumours start spread about him.
Except for short visits to Russia in 1839-1840 and 1841-1842, Gogol was abroad for twelve years. The first edition of Gogol’s collected works was published in 1842. It made him one of the most popular Russian writers. Two years before his return, Gogol had published «Selected Passages from Correspondence with Friends» (1847), in which he upheld the autocratic tsarist regime and the patriarchal Russian way of life. The book arose disappointment among radicals who had seen Gogol’s works as examples of social criticism. In the play «Marriage» (1842) nearly everybody lies and the protagonist cannot make up his mind about marriage. He hesitates, agrees, then withdraws his promise.
In his later life Gogol came under influence of a fanatical priest, Father Konstantinovskii, and burned sequels for «Dead Souls», just 10 days before he died on the verge of madness on the 4th of March, 1852. Gogol had refused to take any food and various remedies were employed to make him eat. Rumors arise from time to time that Gogol was buried alive.
Николай Гоголь родился в Сорочинцах, на Украине, и рос в родительском загородном имении. Его настоящая фамилия Ивановский, но дедушка писателя взял фамилию «Гоголь», чтобы подчеркнуть свое благородное казацкое происхождение. Отец Гоголя был человеком образованным и талантливым, он писал пьесы, стихотворения и зарисовки.
Гоголь начал писать еще в школе. Он учился в школе в Полтаве (1819-1821) и в Нежине (1821-1828). В 1829 году он переехал в Санкт-Петербурге. Гоголь работал на второстепенных государственных должностях и время от времени писал для периодики. В период между 1831 и 1834 годами он преподавал историю в Патриотическом Институте и давал частные уроки.
В 1831 г. Гоголь встретился с Александром Пушкиным, который серьезно повлиял на писателя в выборе литературного материала, особенно — «Вечеров на хуторе близ Диканьки», основанных на украинском фольклоре. Их дружба продолжалась до смерти великого поэта. В 1835 Гоголь вплотную занялся писательской деятельностью.
Под названием «Миргород» (1835) Гоголь опубликовал новый сборник рассказов. В книгу вошла и историческая повесть «Тарас Бульба», в которой заметно влияние Вальтера Скотта. Главный герой — сильный, героический персонаж, не очень характерный для более поздних работ автора, где отображаются бюрократы, безумцы, плуты и неудачники.
В 1836 г. Гоголь опубликовал несколько рассказов в журнале Пушкина «Современник», в этом, же году выходит и знаменитая пьеса «Ревизор». В ней рассказывается история одного молодого чиновника, Хлестакова, который оказался в небольшом провинциальном городке без гроша. Местные чиновники по ошибке принимают его за государственного инспектора, который приехал в провинцию инкогнито. Хлестаков благополучно вживается в свою новую роль и пользуется ситуацией, но тут приезжает настоящий ревизор.
Первая постановка «Ревизора» прошла в Санкт-Петербурге в присутствии царя. После премьеры царь, выходя из ложи, сказал: «Гм, что за пьеса! Всех высмеивает, и более всех — меня!». Гоголь, который всегда был очень чувствителен к отзывам о своем творчестве, уехал из России в Западную Европу. Он побывал в Германии, Швейцарии и Франции, а затем поселился в Риме. Он также совершил паломничество в Палестину в 1848 г.
В Риме Гоголь написал свою главную книгу — «Мертвые души». Гоголь утверждал, что идею написания этой книги ему предложил в 1835 году в беседе Пушкин. В книге рассказывается об авантюристе Павле Ивановиче Чичикове, который приехал в провинциальный городок, чтобы купить «мертвые души» — умерших крепостных. Продавая эти «души» и земли, которые были дешево куплены, Чичиков планировал получить огромную прибыль. Он встречается с местными землевладельцами и немедленно уезжает, когда о нем начинают распространяться слухи.
Не считая недолгого пребывания в России в 1839-1840 и 1841-1842 годах, Гоголь прожил за рубежом 12 лет. Первое издание сочинений Гоголя было опубликовано в 1842 г. Эта книга сделала его одним из самых популярных писателей России. За два года до своего возвращения в Россию Гоголь издал «Избранные отрывки из переписки с друзьями» (1847), где поддерживал царское самодержавие и патриархальный жизненный уклад России. Книга вызывала разочарование радикалов, которые видели в произведениях Гоголя образец социальной критики. В пьесе «Женитьба» (1842) почти все врут, и главный герой не может определиться с женитьбой. Он колеблется, соглашается, потом изменяет свое решение.
В последние годы жизни Гоголь находился под влиянием священника отца Константиновского. Он сжег продолжение «Мертвых душ» за десять дней до своей смерти, 4 марта 1852 года, находясь на грани безумия. Гоголь отказывался принимать пищу, его пытались кормить насильно. До сих пор появляются слухи о том, что Гоголя похоронили живым.